The textile industry is a significant contributor to India's industrial production, employment, and export earnings. The present study examines the growth and export performance of the Indian textile industry, with particular emphasis on the cotton, jute, and wool segments during the period from 2016-17 to 2025-26. The study is based on secondary data collected from the Annual Reports of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Descriptive statistical techniques, comparative analysis, graphical presentation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation using IBM SPSS Statistics were employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that jute recorded the highest average production (1116.67), whereas wool achieved the highest average export value (₹902.22 crore) despite its comparatively lower production. The correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between cotton production and exports, while the relationships for jute and wool were statistically insignificant. The study concludes that technological modernization, productivity enhancement, and export-oriented policies are essential for improving global competitiveness and ensuring the sustainable development of India's textile industry.